Abstract
[English]: Students’ creative thinking could be influenced by gender and academic achievement. Many studies have been carried out regarding levels of students’ creative thinking in solving problems based on gender and academic achievement, respectively. This study aims to understand differences in the levels of creative thinking of male and female students with high, medium, and low academic achievement in solving open-ended questions. This qualitative study involved 18 seventh-grade junior high school students selected based on gender differences and academic achievement. These students answered two open-ended problems on geometry and thought aloud about what they were thinking while answering the questions. Task-based interviews were conducted to explore students' answers. Data analysis shows that the level of students’ creative thinking, considering gender and academic achievement, appears to be inconsistent for different open-ended questions. However, there is a tendency that for figural questions, the higher the level of academic achievement, the higher the level of creative thinking, and male students outperform female students. This study also found differences in the level of creative thinking between the students based on the dimensions of creative thinking and the kinds of problems. The finding implies that gender differences and academic achievement are not adequate to determine the level of students’ creative thinking.
[Bahasa]: Berpikir kreatif siswa dapat dipengaruhi oleh jenis kelamin dan prestasi akademik. Penelitian terdahulu mengenai tingkat berpikir kreatif siswa dalam memecahkan masalah kebanyakan berdasarkan jenis kelamin saja atau prestasi akademik saja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan tingkat berpikir kreatif siswa laki-laki dan perempuan dengan prestasi akademik tinggi, sedang, dan rendah dalam menyelesaikan soal terbuka. Penelitian kualitatif ini melibatkan 18 siswa SMP kelas 7 yang dipilih berdasarkan perbedaan jenis kelamin dan prestasi akademik. Siswa menjawab dua soal materi geometri dan menyuarakan apa yang mereka pikirkan selama menjawab soal tersebut. Wawancara berbasis tugas dilakukan untuk mengeksplorasi jawaban siswa. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa tingkat berpikir kreatif siswa dengan perbedaan jenis kelamin dan prestasi akademik ternyata tidak konsisten untuk soal yang berbeda. Namun, terdapat kecenderungan bahwa untuk soal yang memuat gambar, semakin tinggi tingkat prestasi akademik siswa laki-laki dan perempuan, semakin tinggi pula tingkat berpikir kreatifnya dan siswa laki-laki mengungguli siswa perempuan. Penelitian ini juga menemukan perbedaan tingkat berpikir kreatif siswa berdasarkan dimensi berpikir kreatif dan bentuk soal. Implikasi dari temuan ini adalah perbedaan jenis kelamin dan prestasi akademik tidak cukup untuk menentukan tingkat berpikir kreatif siswa.
Downloads
References
- Abraham, A., Thybusch, K., Pieritz, K., & Hermann, C. (2014). Gender differences in creative thinking: Behavioral and fMRI findings. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 8(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-013-9241-4
- Adisa, T. A., Abdulraheem, I., & Isiaka, S. B. (2019). Patriarchal hegemony: Investigating the impact of patriarchy on women’s work-life balance. Gender in Management, 34(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2018-0095
- Ai, X. (1999). Creativity and academic achievement: An investigation of gender differences. Creativity Research Journal, 12(4), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1204_11
- Akpur, U. (2020). Critical, reflective, creative thinking and their reflections on academic achievement. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 37, 100683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100683
- Anwar, M. N., & Aness, M. (2012). An examination of the relationship between creative thinking and academic achievements of secondary school students. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 1(219), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2015.12.004
- Anwar, M. N., Aness, M., Khizar, A., Naseer, M., & Muhammad, G. (2012a). Relationship of creative thinking with the academic achievements of secondary school students. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 1(3), 44–47.
- Anwar, M. N., Shamim-ur-Rasool, S., & Haq, R. (2012b). A comparison of creative thinking abilities of high and low achievers secondary school students. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 1(1), 3–8.
- Anwar, M. N., Azher, M., & Khizar, A. (2018). Exploring creative thinking of undergraduate students through the lens of selected demographic variables. NICE Research Journal, (January), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.51239/nrjss.v0i0.62
- Auguste, D. (2022). Varieties of gendered capitalism: Status beliefs and the gender gap in entrepreneurship. Social Currents, 9(4), 311-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294965211053836
- Awang, H., & Ramly, I. (2008). Creative thinking skill approach through problem-based learning. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 16(1), 635–640.
- Ayasrah, S., Obeidat, M., Katatbeh, Q., Aljarrah, A., & Al-Akhras, M. A. (2023). Practicing creative thinking and its relation to academic achievement. Creativity Studies, 16(1), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2023.14661
- Bart, W. M., Hokanson, B., & Can, I. (2017). An investigation of the factor structure of the torrance tests of creative thinking. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 17(2), 515–528. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2017.2.0051
- Bart, W. M., Hokanson, B., Sahin, I., & Abdelsamea, M. A. (2015). An investigation of the gender differences in creative thinking abilities among 8th and 11th grade students. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 17, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2015.03.003
- Betancourt, J., Valadez, M. D., Rodríguez-Naveiras, E., Flores, J. ., & Borges, Á. (2022). Differences between creativity and gender in students with high abilities attending a school with total grouping. Children, 9(1081), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071081
- Budsankom, P., Sawangboon, T., Damrongpanit, S., & Chuensirimongkol, J. (2015). Factors affecting higher order thinking skills of students: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling study. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(19), 2639–2652. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2015
- Chavula, C., Choi, Y., & Rieh, S. Y. (2022). Understanding creative thinking processes in searching for new ideas. ACM SIGIR Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1145/3498366.3505783
- Chesimet, M. C., Githua, B. N., & Ng’eno, J. K. (2016). Effects of experiential learning approach on students’ mathematical creativity among secondary school students of Kericho East Sub-County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(23), 51–57.
- Darmaji, D., Kurniawan, D. A., Astalini, A., & Setiya Rini, E. F. (2022). Science processing skill and critical thinking: Reviewed based on the gender. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 11(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v11i1.35116
- Dere, Z. (2019). Investigating the creativity of children in early childhood education institutions. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(3), 652–658. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2019.070302
- Fink, A., Grabner, R. H., Benedek, M., Reishofer, G., Hauswirth, V., Fally, M., … Neubauer, A. C. (2009). The creative brain: Investigation of brain activity during creative problem solving by means of EEG and fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 30(3), 734–748. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20538
- Gajda, A. (2016). The relationship between school achievement and creativity at different educational stages. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 19, 246–259.
- Gajda, A., Karwowski, M., & Beghetto, R. A. (2017). Creativity and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(2), 269.
- Hadar, L. L., & Tirosh, M. (2019). Creative thinking in mathematics curriculum: An analytic framework. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 33, 100585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2019.100585
- Hasanah, S. R., & Abdussakir, A. (2024). Kemampuan berpikir divergen siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal open-ended barisan dan deret ditinjau dari adversity quotient. Jurnal Analisa, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15575/ja.v10i1.32597
- He, M. W. J., Wong, W.-C., & Hui, A. N. N. (2015). Gender differences in means and variability on creative thinking: Patterns in childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. In A. Tan & C. Perleth (Eds.), Creativity, culture, and development (pp. 85–98). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-636-2_6
- He, W., & Wong, W. (2011). Gender differences in creative thinking revisited: Findings from analysis of variability. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(7), 807–811.
- He, W., & Wong, W. (2021). Gender differences in the distribution of creativity scores: Domain-specific patterns in divergent thinking and creative problem solving. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 626911. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626911
- Heilman, K. M. (2016). Possible brain mechanisms of creativity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(4), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw009
- Henriksen, D., & Mishra, P. (2013). Learning from creative teachers. Educational Leadership, 70(5), 1–4.
- Hong, E., Peng, Y., O’Neil Jr, H. F., & Wu, J. (2013). Domain‐general and domain‐specific creative‐thinking tests: Effects of gender and item content on test performance. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 47(2), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.26
- Hu, R., Wu, Y.-Y., & Shieh, C.-J. (2016). Effects of virtual reality integrated creative thinking instruction on students’ creative thinking abilities. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2016.1226a
- Ingalhalikar, M., Smith, A., Parker, D., Satterthwaite, T. D., Elliott, M. A., Ruparel, K., … Verma, R. (2014). Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(2), 823–828. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316909110
- Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2019). Family factors and development of creative thinking. Personality and Individual Differences, 142, 202–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.030
- Jia, X., Li, W., & Cao, L. (2019). The role of metacognitive components in creative thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02404
- Jibeen, T., & Khan, M. A. (2016). Development of an academic achievement risk assessment scale for undergraduates: Low, medium and high achievers. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 6(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.17583/remie.2016.1697
- Kandemir, M. A., & Gur, H. (2007). Creativity training in problem solving: A model of creativity in mathematics teacher education. New Horizons in Education, 55(3), 107–122.
- Ketelhut, D. J., Mills, K., Hestness, E., Cabrera, L., Plane, J., & McGinnis, J. R. (2020). Teacher change following a professional development experience in integrating computational thinking into elementary science. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 29(1), 174–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-019-09798-4
- Kim, K. H. (2005). Can only intelligent people be creative? A meta-analysis. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 16(2–3), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.4219/jsge-2005-4
- Kim, K. H. (2017). The torrance Ttests of creative thinking - figural or verbal: Which one should we use? Creativity. Theories – Research - Applications, 4(2), 302–321. https://doi.org/10.1515/ctra-2017-0015
- Kozlowski, J. S., Chamberlin, S. A., & Mann, E. (2019). Factors that influence mathematical creativity. The Mathematics Enthusiast, 16(1), 505-540. https://doi.org/10.54870/1551-3440.1471
- Kuiken, F., & Vedder, I. (2020). The interplay between academic writing abilities of Dutch undergraduate students, a remedial writing programme, and academic achievement. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 24(10), 1474-1485. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1726280
- Lau, S., & Cheung, P. C. (2010). Developmental trends of creativity: What twists of turn do boys and girls take at different grades? Creativity Research Journal, 22(3), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2023.14661
- Leikin, R., & Lev, M. (2007). Multiple solution tasks as a magnifying glass for observation of mathematical creativity. In Woo, J.H., Lew, H.C., Park, K.S, & Seo, D.Y. (Eds). Proceedings of the 31st International Conference for the Psychology of Mathematics Education. (Vol. 3, 161–168). Seoul: PME.
- Lin, W.-L., & Lien, Y.-W. (2013). The different role of working memory in open-ended versus closed-ended creative problem solving: A dual-process theory account. Creativity Research Journal, 25(1), 85–96.
- Manaf, A., Dewanti, S. S., Mam, S., Susetyawati, E., & Ernawati, I. (2022). Is there a correlation between creativity and learning achievement? A meta-analysis study. Research and Evaluation in Education, 8(1), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.21831/reid.v8i1.51493
- Matud, M. P., Rodríguez, C., & Grande, J. (2007). Gender differences in creative thinking. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(5), 1137–1147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.006
- Mayseless, N., Eran, A., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2015). Generating original ideas: The neural underpinning of originality. Neuroimage, 116, 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.030
- Mursid, R., Saragih, A. H., & Hartono, R. (2021). The effect of the blended project-based learning model and creative thinking ability on engineering students’ learning outcomes. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 10(1), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.2244
- Nada, E. I., & Sari, W. K. (2022). Analysis of student’s creative thinking ability based on gender perspective on reaction rate topic. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Indonesia, 10(1), 138–150. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpsi.v10i1.23064
- Nakano, T., da Silva Oliveira, K., & Zaia, P. (2021). Gender differences in creativity: A systematic literature review. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 37, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e372116
- NCTM. (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston, Virginia: NCTM.
- Nurmitasari, N., & Astuti, R. (2017). Tingkat berpikir kreatif siswa MTs pada bangun datar ditinjau dari jenis kelamin. Jurnal Edumath, 3(2), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.26638/je.456.2064
- Pastor, B. L., & David, L. T. (2017). Relationship between creativity, intelligence and academic achievement amongst primary education students. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series VII, Social Sciences and Law., 10(2), 123–132.
- Piaw, C. Y. (2014). Effects of gender and thinking style on student’s creative thinking ability. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 5135–5139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1087
- Proudfoot, D., Kay, A. C., & Koval, C. Z. (2015). A gender bias in the attribution of creativity: Archival and experimental evidence for the perceived association between masculinity and creative thinking. Psychological Science, 26(11), 1751–1761.
- Raeisoon, M., Raeisi, M., & Mohammadi, Y. (2024). Effect of using the constructivist teaching method on creative thinking and entrepreneurship. Health Technology Assessment in Action, 8(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.18502/htaa.v8i1.15029
- Rahayuningsih, S., Sirajuddin, S., & Ikram, M. (2021). Using open-ended problem-solving tests to identify students’ mathematical creative thinking ability. Participatory Educational Research, 8(3), 285–299. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.21.66.8.3
- Razumnikova, O. M., Volf, N. V, & Tarasova, I. V. (2009). Strategy and results: Sex differences in electrographic correlates of verbal and figural creativity. Human Physiology, 35, 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119709030049
- Russo, C. F. (2004). A comparative study of creativity and cognitive problem-solving strategies of high-IQ and average students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48(3), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/001698620404800
- Safarieh, M. (2020). Evaluation of relationship creativity with academic achievement in qualitative-descriptive evaluation. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 8(03), 43–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24200/jsshr.vol8i 3p 43-49
- Sari, L. N. (2016). Proses berpikir kreatif siswa smp dalam memecahkan masalah matematika nonrutin ditinjau dari kemampuan matematika. Kreano, 7(2), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.15294/kreano.v7i2.5919
- Shah, A., & Lerche, J. (2021). Black lives matter, capital, and ideology: Spiraling out from India. British Journal of Sociology, 72(1), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12815
- Shah, B., & Gustafsson, E. (2021). Exploring the effects of age, gender, and school setting on children’s creative thinking skills. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 55(2), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.480
- Shen, W., Liu, C., Shi, C., & Yuan, Y. (2015). Gender differences in creative thinking. Advances in Psychological Science, 23(8), 1380. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2015.01380
- Silver, E. A. (1997). Fostering creativity through instruction rich in mathematical problem solving and problem posing. Zentralblatt Für Didaktik Der Mathematik, 29(3), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-997-0003-x
- Simanjuntak, E., Hia, Y., & Manurung, N. (2019). Analisis kemampuan berpikir kreatif dalam pemecahan masalah ditinjau dari perbedaan gender. School Education Journal, 9(3), 213–220.
- Siswono, T. Y. E. (2011). Level of student’s creative thinking in classroom mathematics. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(7), 548–553.
- Suripah, S., & Retnawati, H. (2019). Investigating students’ mathematical creative thinking skill based on academic level and gender. International Journal of Scientific &Technology Research, 8(8), 227-231.
- Suripah, S., & Sthephani, A. (2017). Kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis mahasiswa dalam menyelesaikan akar pangkat persamaan kompleks berdasarkan tingkat kemampuan akademik. Pythagoras: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 12(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.21831/pg.v12i2.16509
- Švecová, V., Rumanová, L., & Pavlovičová, G. (2014). Support of pupil’s creative thinking in mathematical education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 1715–1719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.461
- Syafi’i, A., Marfiyanto, T., & Rodiyah, S. K. (2018). Studi tentang prestasi belajar siswa dalam berbagai aspek dan faktor yang mempengaruhi. Jurnal Komunikasi Pendidikan, 2(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.32585/jkp.v2i2.114
- Torrance, E. P. (1961). Factors affecting creative thinking in children: An interim research report. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 7(3), 171–180.
- Türkmen, H., & Sertkahya, M. (2015). Creative thinking skills analyzes of vocational high school students. Journal of Educational and Instructional Studies in the World, 5(1), 74–84.
- Tyagi, T. K. (2016). Is there a causal relation between mathematical creativity and mathematical problem-solving performance? International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 47(3), 388–394.
- Ulger, K. (2015). The structure of creative thinking: Visual and verbal areas. Creativity Research Journal, 27(1), 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2015.992689
- Ülger, K., & Morsünbül, Ü. (2016). The differences in creative thinking: The comparison of male and female students. The Online Journal of Counseling and Education, 5(4), 1–12.
- Volman, M., Karssen, M., Emmelot, Y., & Heemskerk, I. (2020). The focus of schools on twenty‐first–century competencies and students’ experience of these competencies. The Curriculum Journal, 31(4), 648–665. https://doi.org/10.1002/curj.57
- Wichmann, A., Funk, A., & Rummel, N. (2018). Leveraging the potential of peer feedback in an academic writing activity through sense-making support. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 33, 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-017-0348-7
- Yang, J., & Zhao, X. (2021). The effect of creative thinking on academic performance: Mechanisms, heterogeneity, and implication. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 40, 100831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100831
- Yayuk, E., Purwanto, As’ ari, A.R., & Subanji. (2020). Primary school students’ creative thinking skills in mathematics problem solving. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1281–1295. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.3.1281
- Yildiz, C., & Yildiz, T. G. (2021). Exploring the relationship between creative thinking and scientific process skills of preschool children. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 39, 100795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100795
- Zhang, W., Ren, P., & Deng, L. (2020). Gender differences in the creativity–academic achievement relationship: A study from China. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(3), 725–732. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.387
- Zhang, X., & Wang, Y. (2022). Effects of parenting styles on gender differences of adolescents’ non-cognitive abilities: an empirical study in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2022.2158785