Abstract
Pengamatan terhadap perlakuan dalam bidang pendidikan maupun bidang lainnya, tidak cukup jika diamati hanya pada waktu bersamaan saja, melainkan perlu diamati pada beberapa periode waktu. Untuk itu, diperlukan data yang merupakan data gabungan antara data cross section dan time series yang disebut data panel. Variabel respon dan variabel bebas pada data cross section dan unit time series dihubungkan dengan metode regresi. Regresi dengan menggunakan data panel disebut regresi panel. Terdapat tiga pendekatan yang dapat digunakan pada regresi data panel, salah satunya pendekatan efek tetap yang selanjutnya disebut Fixed Effect Model (FEM).
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References
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Greene, W.H. (2000). “Econometrics Analysis” 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
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Hsiao C. (2002), ”Analysis of Data panel” 2th Edition. Cambrige University Press. West Nyack, NY. USA
Kao C dan Chiang MS. (2000). “ On The Estimation and Inference of A Cointegrated Regression in Panel Data”. Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, Volume 15, pages 179-222.
Kruiniger H. (2002), “ On The Estimation of Panel Regression Models with Fixed Effect”. Working Paper, Departement of Economics, University of London. Queen Mary.
Lancaster, T. (1997), “Orthogonal Parameter and Data panel”. Working Paper 97 – 32. Direvisi Mei 1999 dan Maret 2001. Brown University: Providence Rhode Island
Park H Myoung. (2005). “Linear Regression Models for Data panel Using SAS, STATA, LIMDEP, and SPSS”. Document Paper. The Trustees of Indiana University.
Widarjono. (2007). “Ekonometrika. Teori dan Aplikasi untuk Ekonomi dan Bisnis”. Ekonisia. Yogyakarta.