Problem-based learning with role-playing: An experiment on prospective mathematics teachers Nissa Ita Chairun itachairunnissa@ikipmataram.ac.id Sukarma I Ketut Sutarto Sutarto Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika Department of Mathematics Education Jln Pemuda No. 59A Mataram 83125 Indonesia

This study aimed to examine the effect of problem-based learning (PbL) with role-playing toward problem-solving skills of prospective mathematics teachers’ (PMTs) who take linear algebra courses. The study was a quasi-experimental with a non-equivalent control group post-test only design. Forty-two PMTs were involved and divided into experimental (taught using PbL combined with role-playing) and control groups (taught using PbL only). Data were collected using tests and video recordings. The test produces data on PMTs' problem-solving skills on linear algebra problems and video recordings resulted in the transcripts of PMTs’ discussion when they played a role. Data were analyzed through two stages. Firstly, the results of the test were analyzed quantitatively using F-test to measure the variance of the two groups, then measure the normality of the data using the interpretation of skewness and kurtosis, and finally, one-tail t-test to measure differences in test results between the two groups. Secondly, the sample of PMTs’ works in two groups and the transcripts of their conversation were qualitatively analyzed to strengthen the quantitative finding and reveal how PbL with role-playing support PMTs’ problem-solving in teacher education. This study shows that PbL with role-playing is more effective to improve students’ problem-solving skills than solely doing problem-based learning. Doing a role-playing provided students with the opportunity to be able to think and speak mathematics more formally in the context of problem-solving.

Keywords: Problem-based learning, Role-playing, Prospective mathematics teachers, Problem-solving

<bold id="bold-2">Introduction</bold>

Prospective mathematics teachers who are taking a course in the teacher education program have to face two main challenges: (1) learning mathematics as mathematicians, formal thinking that is related to facts, procedures, and concepts of mathematics, and also doing mathematics that involve exploration, logical reasoning, look for patterns, and problem-solving (Brandt, Lunt, &amp; Meilstrup, 2016), and (2) forming themselves into mature individuals as prospective teachers, a continuous and lifelong learning process that requires the skills of self-reflection, communication, and cooperation (Viholainen, Asikainen, &amp; Hirvonen, 2014). On the other hand, there is an issue where the teacher education program rarely gives their students problems that produce meaningful and substantial contributions since bringing up the right topics and problems is the main source of the difficulty (Alayont et al., 2014). This challenge cannot be faced if the learning approach in teacher education is dominated by the activities of explaining theoretical knowledge oriented to textbooks and lecture notes. Such an approach tends to make students passive learners and lack the skills needed in the future (Polly et al., 2013), whereas the outcomes of students’ learning expected to be achieved are creativity, problem-solving skills, decision-making skills, communication skills, leadership, and team-building (Biggs &amp; Tang, 2011).

Many educational innovations are implemented to support the outcomes of students’ learning and one of the innovations is problem-based learning (Dochy et al., 2003). Problem-based learning (PbL) refers to the constructivist principles of teaching and learning to achieve important content knowledge and problem-solving (Murray-Harvey et al., 2005). It was originally designed to help medical students in solving clinical problems. After its successful implementation in various fields of medical education, then PbL implemented in other fields of higher education (Hung, Jonassen, &amp; Liu, 2008), including teacher education. Some characteristics of PbL that implemented in the teacher education are: (1) focusing on the problem: prospective teachers build knowledge stimulated by problems and applied back to problems; (2) student-centered: faculty cannot dictate learning to prospective teachers because they must be directed as independent learners; (3) self-reflective: prospective teachers can reflect on the extent of their understanding and adjust to appropriate learning strategies; and finally (4) lecturers are facilitators who support and model the problem-solving process, facilitate groups, and investigate student knowledge (Dolmans et al., 2005; Hung, Jonassen, &amp; Liu, 2008; Hmelo-Silver, 2004)

As PbL has been widely used in higher education (Ar &amp; Katrancı, 2014; Dolmans et al., 2005), it is apparently true that PbL is an effective method for prospective teacher programs in higher education (Murray-Harvey et al., 2005). Higher education uses PbL to engage prospective teachers actively in learning since this approach has a positive influence on their learning (Davidson et al., 2014). PbL has a good impact on the problem-solving skills of prospective teachers. The PbL participants learned significantly better in constructing the main problem, elaborating on the problem, connecting solutions with the problem, and using various resources (De Simone, 2008). Prospective teachers learn better by finding solutions to open problems, struggling with complex activities, and discussing problems with classmates. This activity leads better than passive listening to lectures (Argaw et al., 2017). In general, PbL has a robust positive effect on students' knowledge and skills (Dochy et al., 2003).

PbL facilitates PMTs to acquire skills in problem-solving, communication, and interpersonal skills, however, these skills should constantly be taught up to become pre-service teachers or professional teachers (Armstrong, 2003). Currently, role-playing was used in some teacher training education programs to develop the professional skills of mathematics teachers (Armstrong, 2003). Some pre-service teacher training programs used role-playing to improve the skills to provide insight into students' perceptions and their learning styles, and discuss challenges in real teaching practice and how problems were overcome (Gregory &amp; Masters, 2012). Playing various roles influenced PMTs thinking during the learning process. Role-playing provides an opportunity for them to learn how mathematics can be taught (Kilgour et al., 2015). Role-playing was used to provide a model for prospective teachers in higher education about how to think and work like a mathematician (Howes &amp; Cruz, 2009). Role-playing has succeeded in improving a deeper understanding of concepts and developing communication and collaborative skills (Jackson &amp; Walters, 2000).

To facilitate PMTs in order to have sufficient skills as mathematics teachers in the future, we need a learning approach that could engage PMTs in challenging activities that provide motivation and collaboration. PbL can be combined with role-playing, and this collaboration will create a rich learning environment for students to be able to communicate their knowledge, work in teams, and make decisions based on facts and cases (Bhattacharjee &amp; Ghosh, 2013). PbL with role-playing has the potential to become innovative learning that makes the classroom more dynamic with verbal and non-verbal activities, and also improving the cognitive processes of problem-solving (Chan, 2012). In the Indonesian context, as far as our concern, we found some related studies involving PbL combined with role-playing for prospective teachers. Prastiti et al. (2014) implemented PbL with role-playing on the elementary prospective teachers. They learned about classroom action research through microteaching practice by playing the roles of teacher, students, and observer. This study showed that prospective teachers became more active and able to understand the concept of classroom action research much better. Syaifudin and Sulistyaningrum (2015) investigate the impact of PbL with role-playing on the language and literary prospective teachers. PbL with role-playing was used to build an understanding of the concepts and apply them in daily life both independently and in groups. This study showed that the prospective teachers perceive excited in learning and more active in their classroom activities.

Based on the aforementioned studies, role-playing tends to emphasize the activity of playing the role of a person’s character such as teacher, school student, observer, and others. However, the concept of role-playing in mathematics education is different from other fields. Playing a role in mathematics education is a pedagogical approach that aims to improve understanding of content and interaction among group members. It does not mean playing the real character but rather playing a role to interact or dialogue about mathematics (Zazkis &amp; Sinclair, 2013). Therefore, role-playing in this study was conducted not in the form of portraying a person's character or behavior, such as a teacher, school students, or another public figure. It refers to playing a role that enables the emergence of PMTs’ participation to improve their understanding of a mathematics topic and able to implement this understanding in problem-solving.

The important part of role-playing in PbL is setting the PMTs roles. Setting the role of PMTs’ groups to be active together can create an open learning environment where all students have the same opportunity to perform their ideas (Fata, Kasim, &amp; Juniyana, 2016). Therefore, we have made some rules for the experimental group namely (1) divides PMT into three groups, each of which will play the role of presenter, checker, and observer, (2) the presenter and checker groups are in small groups, each consisting of five students, while the other students become observer groups, (3) the presenter group has roles to present some topics through inductive-deductive or deductive-inductive paradigm, showing proof, and explaining a case, (4) the checker group has roles to analyze the explanation of the presenter group, finding problems or cases that cannot be justified by the presenter group, and asking critical questions for testing and exploring the material, and (5) the observer group has roles to observe the discussion process, assess the mathematical conversation between the two groups, provide feedback, and alternative problem-solving for cases that are unable to be resolved by the presenter group and the checker group.

The PMTs played these roles through discussion activities. The main purpose of using discussion is to promote students to evaluate some topics or solutions, to clarify the fundamental for their judgments; and to become conscious of other points of view (Rahman et al., 2011). Role-playing helps PMTs to understand the perspective of how one should learn mathematics and use it to solve problems (Kilgour et al., 2015). Giving students an opportunity to present (which is the role of presenter group), clarify (which is the role of checker group), and elaborate (which is the role of observer group) on their own or other students’ utterance is a helpful way to keep a discussion moving along and on target (Rahman et al., 2011). Designing structure roles is the key to determining how successfully the discussion will promote learning for the participants (Goodyear, 2005). Structured discussions create PbL going properly within the time available, encourage participants to engage effectively with the topics being studied, and dissolve into multi-way conversations involve the whole group (Wertsch, 2002).

In this circumstance, we argue that PbL with role-playing seems promising to support PMTs in dealing with problem-solving at mathematics topics such as linear algebra. Linear algebra is the main mathematical subjects taught in higher education. However, this teaching has always been difficult. In some countries, in the last two decades, it became an active area field for research in mathematics education (Dorier, 2003). The main difficulties in learning linear algebra have to do with the variety of mathematics' expressions, representation, construction and objects settings (Jupri &amp; Drijvers, 2016). Based on these problems, PbL with role-playing could promote collaborative thinking and exploratory discussion in mathematics classroom. Enhancing group activity in which the focus tends on providing an agreed explanation and justification for a particular strategy and solution rather than finding the right answer. Therefore, the responsibility for determining correct or acceptable answers shifts from teachers and textbooks to the classroom members as a community of learners. However, the most important is the potential benefits for individual learners that can increase from participating in effective group work, not only in terms of gaining insights from the contributions of others but also through having an opportunity to externalize and make explicit their own thinking to their partners and, crucially, to themselves. In addition to the promising features of PbL with role-playing, the related studies in mathematics teacher education in the Indonesian context should be initiated. This study are expected to make positive contributions as alternative learning in higher education that improves the skills of a prospective mathematics teacher in solving linear algebra problems. The present study aimed to address the following two main problems:

Is PbL with role-playing more effective than PbL toward PMTs’ problem-solving in linear algebra?

To what extent PbL with role-playing rather than PbL to support PMTs’ problem-solving in linear algebra?

 <bold id="bold-4">Methods</bold>

This part explains (1) research design, (2) participants and sampling techniques, and (3) procedures, data collection, and analysis.

<italic id="italic-1"> <bold id="bold-5">Research Design</bold> </italic>

A quasi-experimental with non-equivalent control group post-test only design was designed for the present study as follows (Miliyawati &amp; Herman, 2019):

G1 = experimental group, G2 = control group, X1 = PbL with role-playing, X2 = PbL, and T = mathematical testing on the both groups.

The differences in treatments between the experimental and control group are shown in Table 1. We embedded the role-playing process involves three steps: preparation, presentation, and analysis (Bender, 2005) into five phases of PbL adapted from Nurtanto and Sofyan (2015).

<bold id="bold-4deaf68f5e8da5ca2e1d1e0b97cb63c1"/> Treatments on the experimental and control group

Problem-Based Learning (PbL) Phase Experimental Group (PbL with Role-Playing) Control-Group (PbL only)
Phase 1 - Student orientation on the problem The lecturer and students formulate the goal of the mathematical problem-solving activities that will gain together. The lecturer explains the purpose of the mathematical problem-solving activities that will be taught.
Phase 2 - Organizing students Students are organized into groups and divided according to their respective roles. Students solve problems individually.
Phase 3 - Guiding individual/group investigations Investigation in groups through the roles of "presenter", "checker", and "observer". Individual investigation
Phase 4 - Develop and present students’ works Showing the performance of problem-solving as a group Showing the performance of problem-solving as an individual
Phase 5 - Analyze and evaluate the process of problem-solving The groups collaborate to reflect the problem-solving process Reflection of problem-solving was performed individually
<italic id="italic-41ecdb389248aac7d8be3400a84fdd24"> <bold id="bold-084d95c5654d7df47fe82f7a97482e66">Participants and Sampling Technique</bold> </italic>

In this study, two groups of PMTs take a linear algebra course. Each group has 21 PMTs, so the total of respondents involved in this study is 42. We have examined the variance of the two groups using the F-test and the results show that the two groups were not homogeneous. In this case, we used a purposive sampling technique to determine the experimental and control group. In the first four meetings, we conducted lectures using the same method for both groups. The method referred to the discussion method. We use this method to collect information on which groups of PMTs are actively engaged in responding to questions from their partners and lecturer. Since PMTs in the experimental group were treated through PBL with role-playing, then we choose the PMTs group that is more active in talk mathematically as the experimental group. Kotsopoulos (2010) highlighted the importance of students' willingness and ability to speak can influence communicative interactions in groups. On the other hand, PMTs from the control group tend to solve mathematics problems individually or sometimes in a group but less of interactive communication. Since the difference of variance from both groups, then it will be a limitation of our study.

 <bold id="bold-f99596492b2a359ec98a9f89d6b90616"> <italic id="italic-4ec3a8ef0457bf58923babb29baa3c97">The procedure, Data Collection, and Analysis</italic> <italic id="_italic-1" /> </bold>

Data were collected using test and video recording. The test was validated by the experts and the result was valid as the instrument in this study. The test was assessed by giving a score from 1 to 5 which shows the ability of the test to measure problem-solving skills of PMTs on linear algebra. Then, the score given by the expert is then matched with the criteria from Wulanzani et al. (2016) and the results show that the instrument was valid with minor revision related to various variables and equations in a linear system. The next stage of the testing of the instrument is to conduct a reliability test. The reliability test in this study performed with a product-moment correlation. When the value of the r-statistic is larger than the value of the r-distribution table at α = 0.05, then the test is reliable. The test was used to collect data about PMTs’ problem-solving skills. This data indicated by a description of the answers given by PMTs which were then analyzed and expressed in the form of scores and grades. Video recording was used to collect conversation data when PMTs played a role in class discussions. The test was given as a question for the final semester exam. The time of the test was scheduled by the faculty. The test runs for 90 minutes under the supervision of two lecturers. On the other hand, PMTs' mathematical conversations in group discussions were recorded during the lecture process in one semester. The recording was not performed every class meeting, only when PMTs are asked to elaborate a concept, identify some important properties, or analyze a theorem. In the case when they did some exercises to solve linear algebra problems from the textbook, a recording is not performed. However, the work of PMTs remains documented for description in this study. Thus, the recording was performed only to document PMTs' conversations mathematically when they are playing roles.

The PMTs’ test score was statistically analyzed which consisted of the validity test, reliability test, homogeneity test, normality test, and hypothesis test. All quantitative data analysis was performed using the data analysis tools on Microsoft Excel version 2010. Before testing the hypothesis, we performed the homogeneity and normality of the PMTs’ test scores. The standard F-test was used to test the homogeneity of variance. When the value of F-statistic is larger than the value of F-distribution table at α = 0.05, then variances are homogeneous. Furthermore, Skewness and Kurtosis were used to test the normality of data. The data has a normal distribution if it meets two conditions, i.e. (1) approximately symmetric: the mean is approximately equal to the median(-1.96<Z-Skewness<+1.96)and (2) mesokurtic: distribution that is moderate in breadth and curves with medium peaked height (-1.96<Z-Kurtosis<+1.96). Following these, we performed hypothesis testing using a one-tail t-test. The null hypothesis proposed in this study was Ho:μ1=μ2(the average of math test scores from PMT’s taught with PbL with role-playing is higher than the average of math test scores from PMT’s taught with PbL only), while the alternative hypothesis was Ha:μ1>μ2 (the average of math test scores from PMT’s taught with PbL with role-playing is larger than the average of math test scores from PMT’s taught with PbL only). When the value of -statistics is larger than the value of t-distribution table then Ho is rejected at α = 0.05. For this hypothesis testing, we can decide that there is a significant difference in problem-solving skills between PMTs taught by PbL with role-playing and PMTs taught by PbL only, which means that PbL with role-playing is effective to improve the PMTs’ problem-solving skills.

Furthermore, quantitative data that has been produced through hypothesis testing must then be supported by qualitative data sourced from video data and the work of PMTs. Data in the video was converted into an audio transcript to get direct exposure to the conversation in addition to seeing simultaneously visual motion. Then, some codes were given to indicate the subject in the conversation transcript. In this case, the "Gp" code is for the group presenter, the "Gc" code is for the checker group, and the "Go" code is for the observer group. Then, we reconstructed the subject's sentences into well-organized and easy-to-understand sentences. We performed this stage since transcripts contain verbal speech from subjects whose sentence structure is not standard and sometimes difficult to understand. Therefore, the verbal language in the transcript was different from the written language that will be presented in this study. We have conducted member checks through stages namely; (1) selecting the presenter group, the checker group, and the observer group involved in a discussion on a particular topic of linear algebra, (2) giving the interpretation of audio transcript to the three groups, (3) asking them to observe the video while examining the contents of the transcript, (4) confirm through question and answer directly, (5) record improvements if applicable. In addition to video data, we also qualitatively analyzed PMT test answers. We analyze the work of PMTs through stages; (1) classifying the work of PMTs based on the similarity of the answers, (2) counting the number of test respondents who have the same answers in each group, (3) selecting the work of PMTs that will be presented in the discussion. We selected the works of PMTs based on the number of test respondents who have the same answers, at least half of the total respondents of the test (Sartika, 2017), (4) associating the work of PMTs with the video data, and (5) interpreting the meaning and explain it narratively.

 <bold id="bold-f7931ab1d92aa3ecc5d7aafa58499351">Findings and Discussion</bold>

In this section, we begin by giving quantitative results from the experiments in two different PMTs groups taught by PbL with role-playing and PbL only. Then, we interpret the learning process supported by some of the PMTs' work from both groups and parts of the recorded mathematical discussion to answer the second question.

The result of the reliability test

Control group Experimental group
Mean 57.84 73.33
Minimum 45.8 61.4
Maximum 68.8 82.6
Sum 1214.6 1539.9
Score Odd Number 132 268
Score Even Number 134 268
R 0.38 0.42
t Critical one-tail 2.04
r Critical one-tail 0.36
Count 21

First, we present the results of the reliability test used a product-moment correlation. The results show that the tests used in both groups are reliable (Table 2). We also present the results of PMTs’ problem-solving skills in the experimental and control groups are shown in Table 3.

The post-test results

Experimental group Control group
Mean 73.33 57.84
Standard Error 1.29 1.57
Median 72.5 57.4
Mode 72.5 65.8
Standard Deviation 5.90 7.18
Sample Variance 34.86 51.55
Kurtosis -0.63 -0.96
Skewness -0.25 -0.26
Range 21.2 23
Minimum 61.4 45.8
Maximum 82.6 68.8
Sum 1539.9 1214.6
Count 21 21
Z-Skewness -0.46 -0.49
Z-Kurtosis 0.59 -0.90

Table 3 shows that the values of Z-Skewness and Z-Kurtosis are between -1.96 and +1.96 which indicate that the experimental groups and the control groups are normally distributed. Meanwhile, the homogeneity test through the F-test (Table 4) shows that the critical value for F distribution is larger than the table value for the F distribution (α = 0.05), which means the data variant is not homogeneous.

The F-test results

Experimental group Control group
Mean 73.33 57.84
Variance 34.86 51.55
Observations 21 21
df 20 20
F 0.68
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.19
F Critical one-tail 0.47

Since the data variants are not homogeneously shown in Table 4 then hypothesis testing was conducted by using a t-test: two-sample assuming unequal variances. The results are shown in Table 5. It shows that the critical value of t is larger than the table value of t distribution (α = 0.05). It means that the result of PMTs’ problem-solving taught by PbL with role-playing is greater than those who have been taught with PbL only. Thus, PbL with role-by playing is more effective to improve the PMTs’ problem-solving skills on linear algebra.

The improvement of PMTS’ problem-solving skills in the experimental group is supported by a good understanding of the concept of linear algebra. This understanding is developed not only through the practice of solving the given mathematical problems, but also built through the process of playing roles. PMTs from the experimental group have better problem-solving skills compared to PMTs from the control group. Now, we present one of the problems used to examine PMTs’ problem-solving skills. In this case, they were asked to determine the solution of a linear system using the Gauss-Jordan elimination method as follows.

The t-test results

Experimental group Control group
Mean 73.33 53.410
Variance 34.86 105.624
Observations 21 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 39
t Stat 7.64
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.00
t Critical one-tail 1.68
P(T<=t) two-tail 0
t Critical two-tail 2.02

PMTs from the control group were asked to determine the solution of a linear system by Gauss-Jordan Elimination, but in fact, they completed using common elimination (Figure 1). PMTs from the control group failed to distinguish the terms between common elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination. The common elimination method can indeed be used to determine the solution of a linear system, but in this case, they were strongly asked to determine the solution of a linear system only with the Gauss-Jordan Elimination method. When solving problems, PMTs will go through a process of interpretation of mathematical language and the process of calculation. This process requires PMTs to be able to interpret language into numbers and equations. PMTs have difficulty understanding the language, sentences, or words they read in the problem, so the problem-solving strategies they use do not fit the context of the problem. PMTs in higher education sometimes cannot avoid such mistakes when solving problems (Adu-Gyamfi, Bossé, &amp; Chandler, 2015). Many teaching practices show the fact that mistakes are caused because they do not get the necessary feedback about the work they have completed during the math class (Prank et al., 2007). Although PMTs take courses on linear algebra throughout their undergraduate education, the results obtained from this study show that the prospective teachers’ mathematical content knowledge lacks adequate understanding (Şahin, Gökkurt, &amp; Soylu, 2016).

Different results are shown by PMTs in the experimental group. They were quite capable to solve the problem. PMTs could employ the Gauss-Jordan elimination methods according to the question in the test. PMTs already knew that Gauss-Jordan elimination methods use row elementary operation, so they employed matrices and not with common elimination (Figure 2).

One of PMTs’ sample works from the control group

PMTs from the experimental group can carry out the Gauss-Jordan elimination method correctly so that they can make conclusions where the linear system has infinite solutions. Besides that, it turns out they made no complete conclusion because they did not write the general solution of the linear system. The solution should be written as follows:

“The row of zeros leads to equation 0x1+0x2+0x3+0x4+0x5+0x6=0 , which places no restrictions on the solutions. Thus, we can omit this equation and write the corresponding system as

Here x1,x3,x6 are the leading variables, and x2,x4,x5 are the independent variables. Solving for the leading variables in terms of the independent variables gives

Sequentially, since the free variables can be assigned an arbitrary value, that is r for x2, s for x4, and t for x5 , then the linear system have infinitely many solutions. Therefore, the general solution is given by the formulas

One of PMTs’ sample works from the experimental group

Here we present footage from PMTs in a video showed how they learn to do elementary row operation.

Transcript 1

1 Gp : “Today we will discuss how to do elementary row operations. Since the rows (horizontal lines) of an augmented matrix correspond to the equations in the associated system, these three operations correspond to the following operations on the rows of the augmented matrix; (1) multiply a row through by a nonzero constant, (2) interchange two rows, and (3) add a multiple of one row to another row”
2 Gc : “What is the purpose of using these three operations?”
3 Gp : “We use these operations to obtain a matrix that is in the reduced row-echelon form”
4 Gc : “What is the meaning of a matrix in reduced row-echelon form?”
5 Gp : “A matrix in reduced row-echelon form has these following properties; (1) if a row does not consist entirely of zeros, then the first nonzero number in the row is a 1. We call this a leading 1, (2) if any rows consist entirely of zeros, then they are grouped at the bottom of the matrix, (3) in any two successive rows that do not consist entirely of zeros, the leading 1 in the lower row occurs farther to the right than the leading 1 in the higher row, and (4) each column that contains a leading 1 has zeros everywhere else in that column”
6 Go : “I think we need an example to make your explanation is clear for all of us”
7 Gp : “Ok, let we have a matrix [matrix a] that already in reduced row-echelon form. Assume this matrix associated with a linear system. Then, we can say that the value of x1=1, x2=2, and x3=3. So the linear system has a unique solution.
8 Go : “If we have a matrix [matrix b] then how to determine the solution of a linear system that related with?
9 Gp : “Based on the fourth row, since we have the value of the real constants are a1=a2=a3=0 &amp; b=4, then it means that the linear system has no solution. We know that x1+x2+x3=4↔0+0+0+0=4 is contradictory”
10 Gc : “How about the linear system that has an infinite solution?”
11 Gp : “Let we have a matrix [matrix c], then we can write that x1+x4=1, x2=2, x3=3. Since x4 can be assigned an arbitrary value, t, there are infinitely many solutions. The general solution is given by the formulas x1=1-t, x2=2, x3=3, x4=t
matrix a

matrix b

matrix c

While engaging in mathematics, role-playing allows PMTs to talk mathematics to the whole class, talk not only to one another but also aloud to themselves (Kotsopoulos, 2010). PMTs also have the opportunity to confirm their knowledge obtained and develop through analyzing or confronting mathematics questions. Playing roles through class discussion encourages PMTs and the lecturer to work as a community to share, compare, justify, and interrogate various strategies to solve problems (Bray, 2011). It is understandable since mathematics concepts and tasks which are frequently experienced through collaborative instruction are mastered more readily than those which are less frequently experienced. Classroom experiences may diminish the perceived misunderstanding of the mathematical term (Bossé, Adu-Gyamfi, &amp; Cheetham, 2011). Now, we provide a transcript illustrates role-playing performed by PMTs from the experimental group. They discussed the theorem related to elementary row operations (Figure 3). This theorem is useful to help PMTs have a better understanding of the Gauss-Jordan Elimination as one of the methods to find a solution to a linear system.

Transcript 2

1 Gp : We will give an example of a 3 x 3 matrix to illustrate the theorem 2.2.3(b). Let [matrix d] and if the first row and the second row of A are interchanged, then [matrix e]. Since det⁡(A)=(a11 a22 a33+a12 a23 a31+a13 a21 a32 )-(a11 a23 a32+a12 a21 a33+a13 a22 a31), and det⁡(B)=(a11 a23 a32+a12 a21 a33+a13 a22 a31 )-(a11 a22 a33+a12 a23 a31+a13 a21 a32 )=-det⁡(A), so it is can be said that det⁡(B)=-det⁡(A)
2 Gc : What properties and methods are needed to prove the theorem?
3 Gp : We need to use the commutative of multiplication and the commutative of addition to performing the Sarrus method.
4 Gc : Why does the interchange of two rows of matrix A can affect the determinant value?
5 Gp : Since two rows of A are interchanged then the product of their entries will change too.
6 Go : We observe that the presenter group explanation has not been connected with elementary row operations, while the theorem is related to.
7 Gp : Elementary row operations are certainly used in this mathematical process. It is shown when two rows of matrix A are interchanged.
8 Gc : Can you give us an insight into what knowledge we can get about this theorem?
9 Gp : The theorem teaches us that an elementary row operation on a matrix A can produce a new matrix B that has a different determinant value than matrix A.
10 Gc : Now it seems that this case is clear for us, but we think of another case that related to it. What will happen if the rows in matrix B interchange?
11 Gp : We think that if we use the same elementary row operation, exchanging two rows on a matrix B, it will remain that the det⁡(B)=-det⁡(A).
12 Gc : Can you show it?
13 Gp : Let [matrix f] and if the first-row interchange with the second row, thus [matrix g], and continued with the second row exchanged with the third row such [matrix h] that is obtained, thus det⁡(B')=(a11 a22 a33+a12 a23 a31+a13 a21 a32 )-(a11 a23 a32+a12 a21 a33+a13 a22 a31 )=det⁡(A)
14 Gc : How is the result? Did that answer your hypothesis?
15 Gp : It turns out that our hypothesis was not proven because det⁡(B')=det⁡(A) where B' is a matrix produced from matrix B by exchanging two different rows.
16 Go : Based on the presenter group explanation, it seems that how much we do the interchange of two different rows in a matrix will change its determinant value. Based on the findings of the checker group, we think the determinant of new matrices depends on the odd or even number of row interchange.
17 Gc : How do you show that the hypothesis is accepted?
18 Go : Based on previous results it is known that: “ if the first row of matrix A interchange for the second row it will produce a matrix B, then det(B')=-det⁡(A)”, and we continue as “if the second row of matrix B interchange for the third row it will produce a matrix B’, then det⁡(B' )=det⁡(A) Now we continued one more time by interchange the first row of matrix B’ for the third row, thus obtained [matrix i]. The result is det⁡(B")=(a11 a23 a32+a12 a21 a33+a13 a22 a31 )-(a11 a22 a33+a12 a23 a31+a13 a21 a32 )=-det⁡(A). After going through some investigation, we know that the theorem can be expanded to another situation related to it. “Let A be n x n matrix. If two rows interchange on matrix A to produce matrix B and on and on in odd numbers then det⁡(B)=-det⁡(A) and if in even number then det⁡(B)=det⁡(A)”. But in this case, we have to remember that the rows exchanges carried out must produce matrices that are different from each other.
matrix d

matrix e

matrix f

matrix g

matrix h

matrix i

Theorem 2.2.3, taken from Anton and Rorres (<xref id="xref-a333ab1de61b7ef4a54194e4fbcd5ff5" ref-type="bibr" rid="book-ref-2d4c74fe635fd37434327498de9cb4c0">2005</xref>)

Transcript 2 revealed that the presenter group performed its role to explain a mathematical topic (Line 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13), while the checker group did its role to confirm so that the topic explanation from the presenter group can be logically accepted as true (Line 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 17). Meanwhile, the observer group performed its role to provide reflections that can complement all the information that has been obtained (Line 6, 16, and 18). The way of PMTs work in understanding the topic and solving mathematical problems through role-playing has a positive impact on the growth of learning motivation and cognitive strategies that underlie the improvement of PMTs’ problem-solving skills. The discussion went fairly smoothly, there was a multi-directional interaction between the presenter groups, the checker group, and the observer group. All the PMTs were still eager to keep exploring the topic until it was complete. This study showed that when the PMTs play their role to have meaningful mathematics talks, it can help sustain their motivation and engagement during their effort to explain a theorem or to find the solution of the linear system. Motivation and learning strategies are important factors to improve prospective teacher’s abilities (Murayama et al., 2013). Collaboration in small groups can activate student knowledge about prerequisite topics that are important to use to explain a problem and build understanding. This process will encourage students to continue to search for relevant information until they find new information related to the problem being solved (Schmidt, Rotgans, &amp; Yew, 2011).

This study indicates that PMTs who learn linear algebra through problem-based learning with role-playing enables them to improve their understanding of the characteristics of linear systems, the types of linear system solutions, and various methods to determine linear system solutions. This achievement is supported by the success of PMTs in carrying out their roles according to agreed rules. Role-playing improves the quality of interaction between group members. However, it has to remember that during the discussion, the lecturer has to keep observing, analyzing, and directing the PMTs' conversation on mathematics content. A productive learning environment must be able to provide flexibility where PMTs can explore, collaborate, and use disciplined and critical thinking in solving problems (Mishra, Fahnoe, &amp; Henriksen, 2013). Collaboration is a mutual engagement of prospective teachers in a coordinated effort to solve a problem together (Lai, 2011). Hence, PbL with role-playing involves participants working together on the same task, rather than in parallel on separate portions of the task. The PMTs act through their respective roles to discuss and solve a similar problem. In this way, PMTs will help each other to find new knowledge by connecting their prior-knowledge to current problems, doing mathematics operations to answers the hypotheses, and making logical conclusions based on findings. One of the greatest and inevitable challenges faced by educators is to determine the most effective teaching approach for their prospective teachers (Tsay &amp; Brady, 2010). Therefore, a mathematics educator must have a good understanding of the level of PMTs’ thinking process. As PMTs are on their way of becoming a teacher, a mathematics educator must determine a learning approach that reflects adult learning. Prospective teachers as adult learners must be treated with a learning approach that can make them independent and responsible. Prospective teachers think that deep experience is an important component in learning that achieve through cooperation and motivation (Kenner &amp; Weinerman, 2011).

In our study, PMTs seem to solve simple mathematics problems, in line with the term of closed-problems or structured-problem or routine problems (Nissa, 2015). PMTs attempt to find the linear-system solutions with elementary row operation, which is the basic procedure in linear algebra. In some perspectives, such mathematical problems are not challenging to solve. But somehow, in the PbL concept, a mathematical problem can be said to be a problem if such a problem has never been encountered. According to the structure of the school and higher education mathematics curriculum, it is obvious that PMTs have never studied about the elementary row operations, even though prior knowledge such as linear equations and matrices has been learned while in school. Related with PbL, some studies concern about how to develop or implement mathematics problems to achieve problem-solving skills, i.e., open-ended problems (Bragg &amp; Nicol, 2008; Kurniawan, Putri, &amp; Hartono, 2018), and mathematics PISA-like problems (Jannah, Putri, &amp; Zulkardi, 2019; Oktiningrum, Zulkardi, Hartono, 2016; Putri &amp; Zulkardi, 2020). Therefore, our study contributes to exploring the process of how to build problem-solving skills. Not only depends on how sophisticated mathematical problems PMTs have to solve, but the process of how they acquire problem-solving skills is equally important. Learning mathematics is complicated, especially for PMTs in higher education. The mathematics topics that must be addressed by PMTs in higher education have different levels of difficulty compared to the mathematics topics they learned while at school. Providing sophisticated mathematical problems without regard to how their processes build understanding of mathematics will make it difficult for them to learn mathematics.

For long-term research-teaching design, it is hard to maintain consistency and motivation of PMTs to play a role in the classroom, since various destructive can occur due to their own way to learn mathematics, getting impasse in solving problems, or failure in connecting and communicating ideas. Thus, related to the context of adult learning, the success of the learning process depends on the persistence and involvement of PMTs. Moreover, such global teaching designs should be evaluated through various approaches and tools, since there are a number of factors that can influence their success. However, internal evaluations have been carried out and have shown some positive effects. Mathematics education research cannot provide concise solutions to overcome some difficulties in learning and teaching about linear algebra. Various studies have been carried out such as diagnosing student difficulties, epistemological analysis, and experimental teaching, which offer local remediation (Dorier, 2003). However, similar research is advised to continue to address new problems and difficulties in learning and teaching linear algebra. Cognitive processes in mathematics are too complicated to be seen in a simple and idealistic way. That is deeper knowledge about the nature of concepts. Therefore, rich-task and flexible teaching is highly recommended, because a class is a dynamic environment with a variety of factors that influence it.

 <bold id="bold-7bca1e114afab40f2f6d87584eb9d416">Conclusion</bold>

The results of this study indicate that PMTs who learn linear algebra through PbL with role-playing show a significant improvement in problem-solving skills rather than PMTs who learn only through PbL. The collaboration between PbL and role-playing generates a proficient strategy to assist PMTs to learn mathematics critically and collaboratively. PbL facilitates PMTs to learn mathematics through problems related to concepts and procedures, while role-playing support PMTs to think critically through collaborative discussion. Also, PbL with role-playing leads PMTs to strengthen understanding and problem-solving skills. Based on these findings, we consider teaching mathematics in higher education could refer to PbL with role-playing as alternative learning approaches with providing appropriate direction, questions, and feedback to keep the PMTs perform discussion on the right trajectory. Furthermore, according to the limitation of present study, we recommend conducting similar studies on the subjects who are homogeneous on variance to notice how role-playing assist PMTs in problem-solving, especially through discussion activities or investigate PbL with different role-playing and activities.

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